A symbol of international impotence in confronting Darfur’s genocide
Eric Reeves
April 12, 2005
Relatives and friends of the many innocent civilians slaughtered last week in the village of Khor Abeche (South Darfur, east of Nyala) may be forgiven for concluding that piously irresolute UN Security Council resolutions offer little protection from ongoing Janjaweed attacks. In a savage, daylong attack on April 7, 2005, militia forces from the neighboring village of Niteaga “rampaged through the village [of Khor Abeche], killing, burning and destroying everything in their paths and leaving in their wake total destruction” (“Joint Statement by the African Union Mission in Sudan and the UN Mission in Sudan,” April 7, 2005). The attack is described by the UN and AU missions as “savage,” “pre-meditated,” and ultimately a function of “deliberation official procrastination” that prevented the deployment of AU observers who might have been able to forestall the clearly impending attack.
The dead and surviving residents of Khor Abeche may also be forgiven for concluding that mere referral of war crimes to the International Criminal Court will do nothing to deter ongoing, ethnically-targeted civilian destruction in Darfur. Certainly none of the three resolutions recently passed by the UN Security Council made the slightest difference to those victims whose brutal murder led the UN and the AU to declare their “utter shock and disbelief of the relentless daylong attack on Khor Abeche.” But neither “shock” nor “disbelief” is any longer an appropriate response to the genocidal violence in Darfur. As the third year of conflict grinds on in Darfur, as the African tribal populations and villages of the region continue to be destroyed as part of Khartoum’s unspeakably brutal counter-insurgency warfare, there is no basis for either “shock” or “surprise.”
Indeed, the attack on Khor Abeche is so entirely in character that, for precisely this reason, we must attend carefully to the frank UN and AU account of the circumstances leading up to this all too representative barbarism:
“The African Union had been engaged in discussions with the Wali [Khartoum-appointed governor] of South Darfur and Nasir al Tijani Adel Kaadir [commander of the Arab militia/Janjaweed force] on several occasions in the past on how to maintain the security situation in the area. Indeed, the AU had prepared to deploy its troops in Niteaga and Khor Abeche since 3 April [2005], to deter precisely this kind of attack, but was prevented from acting by what can only be inferred as deliberate official procrastination over the allocation of land for the troops’ accommodation.”
“The callous destruction of Khor Abeche by Nasir al Tijani and his lieutenants is in clear violation of not only the N’Djamena and Abuja Agreements, but also runs counter to numerous UN Security Council Resolutions, including Resolution 1591, which seeks to ensure that the perpetrators of such acts no longer enjoy impunity and are brought to justice.” (“Joint Statement by the African Union Mission in Sudan and the UN Mission in Sudan,” April 7, 2005)
Of particular significance in this account is fact that for several days prior to the attack, the AU and UN had been in communication with Khartoum’s highest appointed official in South Darfur, the Wali (governor). From this we may infer, with full certainty, that senior officials in Khartoum were well aware of the impending attack and of efforts by the AU and the UN to forestall it. The “deliberate official procrastination” in agreeing to a deployment location for AU forces can only mean that Khartoum fully intended for this attack to go forward: with such intense UN and AU involvement, over a period of days, the Wali of South Darfur would not have made such a decision on his own authority alone. The 350 Janjaweed militia forces, attacking on camel and horseback, were not acting autonomously; they were not acting under some false sense of impunity; and they were not acting as rogue elements.
The attack on Khor Abeche occurred only because Khartoum sanctioned it; the regime deliberately allowed a militia proxy to “rampage through the village [of Khor Abeche], killing, burning and destroying everything in their paths and leaving in their wake total destruction” (“Joint Statement by the African Union Mission in Sudan and the UN Mission in Sudan,” April 7, 2005). It was, in short, chillingly similar to the many, many hundreds of such attacks over the past two years.
IMPLICATIONS OF THE KHOR ABECHE ATTACK
The attack on Khor Abeche highlights yet again the fundamental limitations of the African Union mission in Darfur, a mission that remains defined by a mandate only to monitor the non-existent cease-fire (originally of April 8, 2004, essentially reiterated on November 9, 2004). The approximately 2,200 personnel in the present AU mission, deployed over a region the size of France, simply cannot function as a peacekeeping force. Even when courageously willing to deploy in a fashion that creates a presence that might deter violence against civilians (as has happened on a number of previous occasions), the AU force has no ability to stop a determined attack by Khartoum’s regular forces or its militia proxies (the Janjaweed) or the regime’s paramilitary Popular Defense Forces (PDF). Indeed, neither the Janjaweed nor the PDF is a party to the ceasefire, and are not officially included in the monitoring mandate guiding the AU.
In the absence of a vastly larger force—with a robust civilian protection mandate, and guided by a comprehensive sense of the manifold security tasks in Darfur—there will continue to be attacks of the sort witnessed at Khor Abeche. For it is fully, indisputably clear that neither current nor contemplated AU personnel and resources are adequate for such a force. In turn, either the AU makes clear its need for substantial assistance, both personnel and material, from non-AU actors such as NATO, or the people of Darfur will be consigned to the ongoing risk of merciless military attacks. Again, there have been many, many hundreds of these attacks over the past two years. If they have diminished in frequency, it is largely because so many of the African villages in Darfur have already been destroyed: 90% is the consensus figure among Darfuris in exile with contacts on the ground.
In assessing the political and diplomatic performance of the AU, we must ask what it means that there has still been no successful effort to force Khartoum to accept a mandate for civilian and humanitarian protection in Darfur. Certainly there has been no public demand for such a mandate issued out of Addis Ababa (headquarters of the AU); nor has putative “quiet diplomacy” on the part of the AU moved with any evident success toward the achievement of such a mandate. In fact, evidence strongly suggests that the AU continues to be guided by the fundamentally mistaken belief (if accepted at face value) that a cease-fire monitoring mission can function de facto as a means of halting ongoing genocidal violence amidst what has for months been universally described as a “climate of impunity” in Darfur. This is a thoroughly untenable belief, for which civilians and humanitarian operations in the region are paying a terrible price.
Diplomatically, the AU has a similar record of impotence. The last round of peace negotiations, in December 2004, collapsed because Khartoum launched a major military offensive in Darfur on the very eve of resumed talks in Abuja, Nigeria. Since that time, the AU has been unable even to schedule a date for the resumption of talks. The insurgency movements (the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army [SLM/A] and the Justice and Equality Movement [JEM]) have, to be sure, performed poorly at times in what is for them the novel arena of diplomacy, though much of this derives from a deep and fully comprehensible mistrust of Khartoum as a negotiating partner. Only in the last few days have the SLM/A and JEM dropped unreasonable pre-conditions for resumed talks (Agence France-Presse, April 11, 2005). But despite claims that there are back-channel negotiations between various mediators, the insurgency movements, and the Khartoum regime, there is no evidence that a peace settlement is anywhere in sight. And the rainy season begins in less than two months.
[Of very significant diplomatic concern is the government of Chad’s recent suspension of its mediation efforts in the search for peace in Darfur. The weak government of Idriss Deby has declared that it cannot help further in mediation because Khartoum is “supporting rebels [in Darfur] determined to destabilize [the government of Chad] (Reuters [dateline: N’Djamena], April 11, 2005). In particular Chad has accused Khartoum of “recruiting and supplying some 3,000 rebels close to the border between the two countries” (Reuters, April 11, 2005). Last week Chad’s Communications Minister, Barthelemy Natoingar Bainodji, said “Arabs from Chad had been recruited to join the Janjaweed militias accused of widespread atrocities in Darfur” (BBC, April 8, 2005).
Given the extremely precarious position of Deby, internally and in his relationship to Khartoum, it is thoroughly unlikely that these accusations are contrived. They are rather almost certainly a desperate effort to awaken the international community to the growing threat to regional stability that is posed by ongoing conflict in Darfur. This warning is ignored only by the most foolishly expedient.]
HUMANITARIAN IMPLICATIONS OF THE KHOR ABECHE ATTACK
Even before the attack on Khor Abeche, it was clear that growing insecurity in Darfur was continuing to attenuate humanitarian relief efforts (see “Current Security Conditions in Darfur: An Overview,” April 7, 2005 at http://www.sudanreeves.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=48&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0). And insecurity is not all that currently constrains humanitarian operations. In addition to a fundamental shortage of overall capacity for the more than 3 million people now affected by the conflict, humanitarian operations in Darfur are also being affected by a lack of adequate funding:
“The UN World Food Programme said today [April 8, 2005] that for the first time since WFP’s major emergency operation for Darfur began, a drastic shortage of funds will force it to cut rations for more than one million people living in the western region of Darfur. Starting in May [2005], WFP will have to cut by half the non-cereal part of the daily ration. This is a last resort to help stretch current food supplies through the critical months of July and August—the region’s traditional lean months, when food needs become most acute.”
“While the reduction will not affect programmes for malnourished children and nursing mothers, it will impact significantly on the diet of more than one million poor and vulnerable people. A cut by half in non-cereals—the most nutritious part of the ration—means that the daily minimum recommended diet of 2,100 kilocalories per person will drop to 1,890.”
“While donations to WFP for cereals have been generous and thus the ration’s cereal portion remains unchanged, there has been little response to repeated appeals for non-cereals—pulses, vegetable oil, sugar, salt, and blended foods.” (UN World Food Program statement [Khartoum], April 8, 2004)
This critical shortcoming, in the almost immediate wake of generous international responses to the victims of the terrible Southeast Asia tsunami, is a terrible failure, a scandalous example of the inequities in humanitarian assistance that have so often victimized those suffering in Africa.
But issues of overall capacity also emerge in the World Food Program statement, particularly in the context of the most recent figures from the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), which indicates approximately 2.5 million people as conflict-affected, a figure which does not include the refugee population in Chad (200,000) or the very large rural populations currently beyond humanitarian reach:
“The situation [in Darfur] will become even more dramatic when food needs escalate during the rainy season in July and August, prompting an additional 500,000 people at least to require food aid. Continuing conflict and insecurity, low rainfall and a poor past harvest threaten to push numbers even higher.” [ ]
“Widespread conflict, banditry and insecurity to people in villages beyond the state capitals still made many areas inaccessible for much of March. As a result, WFP food assistance reached an estimated 1.4 million people in Darfur, some 200,000 fewer than the record 1.6 million people fed in February. ‘The people of Darfur need urgent aid. They don’t have other options. The conflict in the region has robbed them of their homes and livelihoods,’ Carlos Veloso, the WFP emergency coordinator for Darfur, said.” (UN World Food Program statement [Khartoum], April 8, 2004)
The nutritional effects of food ration cuts are consequential in themselves, but also compound the serious issue of declining morale in the camps for the displaced, which increasingly have come to seem prisons for those who seek or remain in them out of a desperate need for protection from the continuing attacks of the sort witnessed at Khor Abeche:
“‘We are very concerned about the negative effect this drastic ration-cut will have on the health and psychological well-being of thousands of people—who are already weakened and traumatised by war,’ Veloso said.” (UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, April 8, 2005)
In some places in Darfur, deteriorating nutritional conditions are already in evidence. The most recent “fact sheet” from the US Agency for International Development (April 8, 2005) highlights a recent survey by TearFund in the Al Deain locality of South Darfur:
“On March 31 [2005], TearFund reported preliminary findings of a 30×30 cluster nutritional survey conducted from March 14 to 18 [2005] in the Al Deain locality of South Darfur in collaboration with the UN Children’s Fund, the Ministry of Health, and a local NGO. The survey revealed high malnutrition rates amongst the under-five population, with a global acute malnutrition (GAM) rate of 25.2 percent and a severe acute malnutrition (SAM) rate of 4.3 percent. TearFund also reported a high prevalence of diarrhea, with 86 percent of severely malnourished children reported to have had diarrhea within two weeks prior to the survey.” (US Agency for International Development “fact sheet” on Darfur, April 8, 2005)
These malnutrition rates for children (25.2% Global Acute Malnutrition and 4.3% Severe Acute Malnutrition) are terrible harbingers heading into the rainy season and the traditional “hunger gap,” especially in light of huge shortcomings in the pre-positioning of food throughout the Darfur humanitarian theater (West Darfur and Chad in particular). Though malnutrition and mortality rates have declined recently in the larger, more well-established camps, both rates are set to rise again—and rapidly—with the onset of the seasonal rains (May/June through September).
And there is considerable evidence that even now a great deal of human privation and suffering is under-reported for various populations. For example, the humanitarian organization HelpAge International recently conducted an assessment of the older population in the camp areas of Darfur:
“Older people are neglected and forgotten in Darfur camps, because they are frequently not included in international humanitarian aid food and health programmes, warns new research by HelpAge International. A health and nutrition assessment of older people by HelpAge International, in five camps in West Darfur, found older people felt isolated and lonely because of food insecurity. On average, ‘older’ people over the age of 50 years old, comprise 10 per cent of a camp’s population. Although older people, along with children, are classed as a vulnerable group, many interviewed, were not being directly targeted by aid agencies.”
*Over 20 per cent of older people were not accessing World Food Programme food rations, with this figure rising to 26 per cent in one camp;
*45 per cent of older people claimed not to have proper shelter;
*61 per cent of older people claimed to have a chronic disease that needed specialised treatment or drugs, which were not available to them;
“The research found few people older people had adequate food, either in quality or quantity. Around 20 per cent were only eating one meal a day. Often they were sharing rations with orphaned and separated children, not always related, in their care. Those not receiving food, had missed out on registration due to disability or being unable to move without support or a guide. Half of all the older people interviewed by HelpAge International live alone, most are widows, without extended family support.” (“Older people are neglected in Darfur,” HelpAge International, April 11, 2005)
A more accurate registration of the elderly would certainly show a much larger conflict-affected population in Darfur, as well as much greater dependence on international food and medical relief. As this writer has noted on a number of previous occasions over the past year and a half, under-reporting of the Darfur crisis—including the number of victims and the scale of humanitarian need—has been a chronic feature of the international response from almost the very beginning.
It is also important that the growing needs for food and medical relief in neighboring Chad not be ignored. Chad, which has been burdened from the beginning of the Darfur conflict with a huge refugee influx in an eastern border region that can barely provide subsistence to the local Chadian population, has been little discussed in recent months by humanitarian organizations; but there are ominous signs. The UN High Commission for Refugees recently noted significant increases in severe malnutrition in refugee camps along the Chad/Darfur border, and the UN World Food Program today issued an urgent warning:
“The UN World Food Programme has warned that unless donations are rapidly forthcoming, nearly 200,000 refugees who have fled into Chad from the Darfur conflict in neighbouring Sudan risk going hungry in the months ahead. WFP is appealing for US$87 million in food aid to cover needs in the refugee camps of eastern Chad until the end of next year. However, contributions are urgently needed to ensure sufficient stocks are delivered to the camps ahead of this year’s rainy season, during which road transport becomes all but impossible across most of the region. ‘We need food now,’ said WFP Chad Country Director Stefano Porretti. ‘With the rains only a matter of two or three months away, it is absolutely imperative that we move food to the places where it will be needed later this year. This process has already begun but is far from complete.'”
“Under a revision of its current emergency operation, WFP will also be assisting over 150,000 Chadian nationals as well as providing for the possibility that an additional 150,000 people could cross the border from Darfur if the conflict continues.” (UN World Food Program statement, April 12, 2005)
In other words, the total population in Chad in need of humanitarian assistance could reach to 500,000: 200,000 current Darfuri refugees; 150,000 local Chadians who have been overwhelmed by the presence of such a large refugee population in the impoverished border region; and another 150,000 Darfuris who may flee to Chad because of ongoing violence in Darfur, again of the sort witnessed in Khor Abeche. This part of Chad is inaccessible from N’Djamena to the west during the rainy season, and the alternative supply route (overland from Libya) cannot possibly supply even the current refugee population. Extremely expensive airlifting of food will be the only alternative, and there is no such airlift capacity in the Darfur humanitarian theater. This is an extremely vulnerable refugee population.
HUMANITARIAN NEED AND INSECURITY
In addition to an acute food crisis, water supplies continue to dwindle in Darfur even as problems in current water provisions for the camps are revealed more conspicuously. Gallab camp for displaced persons in North Darfur is only one of many examples that have recently been reported:
“In February [2005], an interagency assessment found that 14,000 IDPs in the Gallab Internally Displace Persons camp in North Darfur were sharing two hand-pumps with limited capacity to cover their water needs.” (US Agency for International Development “fact sheet” on Darfur, April 8, 2005)
Two hand-pumps for 14,000 people.
Like so many humanitarian issues in Darfur, many of the current shortcomings in water supplies can be directly related to insecurity. The US Agency for International Development “fact sheet” for April 1, 2005 reports:
“Insecurity [throughout Darfur] has reduced the number of accessible water sources, at the same time that accessible water sources are becoming more scarce from declining water tables, slow recharge rates, and lack of maintenance for wells and pumps.”
These humanitarian realities collectively have led recently to more urgent warning from various INGOs (International Nongovernmental Organizations) and UN organizations, although the urgency that should have informed these warnings is belated in many quarters. Moreover, continuing violence has quietly produced over the past couple of months a net reduction in the presence of international aid organizations and corresponding capacity on the ground (this decline is not reflected in the UN Darfur Humanitarian Profiles, which provide much too superficial and mechanical an account of humanitarian capacity). Some of this is clearly a response to Khartoum’s strategy of obstructionism and intimidation, recently highlighted by Human Rights Watch:
“The Sudanese government has sought to intimidate humanitarian relief agencies in Darfur by arbitrarily arresting or detaining at least 20 aid workers since December, Human Rights Watch said today. In several incidents, the rebel movements in Darfur have also detained or attacked aid workers. Human Rights Watch called on all parties to the conflict in Darfur to ensure the safety of humanitarian aid workers and facilitate their access to Sudanese civilians in need of assistance. ‘The Sudanese authorities are using the same strong-arm tactics against Darfur aid workers that they have used against human rights defenders,’ said Peter Takirambudde, Africa director at Human Rights Watch. ‘Donor governments should condemn Khartoum’s attempts to intimidate aid workers and others assisting civilians in Sudan.'”
“Few of the humanitarian organizations involved have publicized the arrests and detentions due to fear of further reprisals by the Sudanese government against their staff, activities and the displaced persons they assist.” (Human Rights Watch, “Darfur: Aid Workers Under Threat,” April 5, 2005)
These ominous realities were highlighted in the most recent UN Darfur Humanitarian Profile (March 1, 2005; Nos. 11/12) as well:
“Increasing levels of harassment, detentions, accusations through national media outlets and others security incidents involving relief workers are placing further strains on humanitarian operations. Though responsible for the overwhelming majority of incidents, the Government of Sudan is not the only party guilty of intimidating humanitarians and denying Darfurians access to humanitarian assistance.” [The insurgency groups are here criticized.] (UN Darfur Humanitarian Profile Nos.11/12, page 5)
Extremely serious and threatening security incidents also continue to be reported with ominous frequency, and these are part of the reason that there has been a net decline in humanitarian capacity on the part of humanitarian INGO’s. The most recent “fact sheet” from the US Agency for International Development (which saw one of its workers shot and nearly killed on the road between Nyala and Kass in a recent incident clearly involving the Janjaweed) reports:
“According to the USAID Disaster Assistance Response Team, on April 6 [2005], a two-vehicle non-governmental organization humanitarian convoy was fired upon near Teige, approximately 7 kilometers west of Mershing, South Darfur. The lead vehicle was hit three times and the second vehicle was hit twice and received a flat tire. No one was injured.” (US Agency for International Development “fact sheet,” April 8, 2005)
Such incidents, particularly if they again result in fatalities, could easily trigger an additional exodus of humanitarian presence and capacity.
At the current annual meeting of the UN Human Rights Commission in Geneva, a series of observations by Emmanuel Akwei Addo (“the independent UN expert on the situation of human rights in Sudan”) should be noted carefully, particularly his comments that “aid workers were pulling back due to deteriorating security,” that “2,000 African Union troops lacked power to deter crimes in the remote region of [Darfur],” and in particular, that “aerial bombardment [by Khartoum] still goes on” (Reuters, April 8, 2005):
“The Khartoum government, which had responsibility to protect all citizens, had ignored repeated demands to disarm the militia who are waging a ruthless campaign in near total impunity, according to Addo, a justice from Ghana.” (Reuters, April 8, 2005)
Addo’s metaphor of a “time bomb” seems highly unfortunate (“the present situation in Darfur is [ ] a time bomb, which could explode at any moment”), given the realities of genocide by attrition in Darfur that have so far claimed approximately 400,000 lives since February 2003 (see “Darfur Mortality Update: March 11, 2005 at http://www.sudanreeves.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=44&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0). But the metaphor at least serves to suggest how much greater human destruction may become, precipitously, if the status quo prevails. For despite the exorbitant human destruction and displacement that has already occurred, a huge upsurge in mortality is increasingly likely in the near term.
In light of these disturbing developments, the need for humanitarian intervention only becomes more urgent. To be sure, international determination to avoid honestly confronting this issue continues to prevail—at the UN, in Washington, and in European capitals. But neither dishonesty nor callous silence can change the massive demographics of Darfur’s catastrophe.
THE LARGEST DEMOGRAPHICS OF DARFUR’S CATASTROPHE
Recent UN comments from UNICEF offer an unusual and grimly welcome acknowledgement of the larger demographic realities of the Darfur crisis:
“Some four million people in Sudan’s strife-torn western region of Darfur face deeper hardship over the next 18 months because local crops have collapsed, the UN Children’s Fund said Friday [April 8, 2005]. Crops had not been tended because of the violence in the region and the situation was being aggravated by a worsening drought, according to UNICEF spokesman Damien Personnaz. ‘The next 18 months will be extremely difficult at the humanitarian level,’ he told journalists. ‘About four million people are threatened by food insecurity and one million under five year-olds are suffering or will suffer from severe malnutrition,’ Personnaz added.”
“One million under five year-olds are suffering or will suffer from severe malnutrition” represents a statistic almost too horrific to contemplate.
“The UNICEF official estimated that about two-thirds of the local population were ‘still out of reach of humanitarian networks.’ ‘We only have access to two million people out of the six million that the region had before the conflict,’ he said.” (Agence France-Presse, April 8, 2005)
These staggeringly large numbers occur in the context of unrelenting violence by Khartoum and its militia proxies, exemplified in the “savage,” “premeditated” (the word choices of the UN and African Union) attack on Khor Abeche. The agricultural economy of Darfur has collapsed; food inflation threatens to produce huge increases in the food-dependent population; and rural populations not only remain vulnerable to attack but have lost much of their ability to forage because of relentless Janjaweed predations. There are clearly insufficient humanitarian resources; indeed, it must be emphasized again, there has been a quietly declining humanitarian resource base, even as the most perilous phase of the Darfur crisis approaches with the impending seasonal rains.
For additional context we should consider the results of a March 2005 US Agency for International Development DART (Disaster Assistance Response Team) assessment, conducted in a rural area in North Darfur that is beyond humanitarian reach. Despite its despite locality, the assessment suggests a good deal about the conditions defining life for a huge percentage of this “two-thirds of [Darfur’s population] still out of reach of humanitarian networks” (UNICEF description):
“The [US Agency for International Development] assessment concluded that traditional coping mechanisms are being depleted for both internally displaced persons (IDPs) and host communities as a result of ongoing conflict. In addition, conflict has eroded much of the population’s livelihoods through the looting of animals, inaccessibility of migratory routes for pasture and water, and distance from markets for the sale of livestock and purchase of grains/cereals.” (US AID “fact sheet,” April 1, 2005)
These enormously destructive economic realities, as well as the continuing threat of spiraling food inflation, prevail throughout Darfur and will do so for the foreseeable future.
ABSTRACTIONS OR HUMAN BEINGS: OUR CHOICE SPEAKS FOR US
As Khartoum continues with its tightening clamp-down on news reporting in Darfur, as journalists encounter more and more difficulties in securing visas, travel permits, and the means of moving through Darfur, there is a danger that the crisis will become excessively “statistical”—not so much invisible as lacking the kind of visibility that must compel even the most obtuse moral instincts. It will not be the first time that abstraction has made the intolerable somehow too wearying for energetic response, or that sheer size and scale have made the unspeakable the occasion for callous silence.
In a harrowing op/ed yesterday in the International Herald Tribune, Lt. General Romeo Dallaire, UN force commander in Rwanda during the 1994 genocide, reflects on the reasons for international failure in situations such as Darfur:
“Above all, there is a tendency to be too abstract both in identifying causes and in assigning blame for the total lack of a serious international response. [ ]
“If there is any useful lesson that can be drawn from the events of April 1994, it is surely one about just how personal genocide is: for those who are killed, of course, but also for those who kill, and for those, however far away, who just do nothing. Our governments are no better than we are. The United Nations is no better than its governments.” (International Herald Tribune, April 11, 2005)
“Our governments are no better than we are. The United Nations is no better than its governments.” As the international community continues in its refusal to stop genocide in Darfur, there could be no more damning indictment of us all.
Eric Reeves
Smith College
Northampton, MA 01063
413-585-3326
ereeves@smith.edu
www.sudanreeves.org